Tek dereceden bilinç kuramları (first-order theories of consciousness) ile üst dereceden bilinç kuramları (higher-order theories of consciousness) bilinç çalışmalarını içeren literatürde birbirlerinin rakibi olarak bilinirler ve bilinçli zihin durumlarıyla ilgili sundukları açıklamalarda farklı yaklaşımlar gösterirler. Tek dereceden bilinç kuramları bilinçsizce bilinçli olmanın mümkün olmadığını, üst dereceden kuramlar ise mümkün olduğunu savunur. Bu makaledeki amacım iki kuram arasındaki yaklaşım farklarını ortaya koymak, bu farkların önemli bir ilkesel anlaşmazlıktan mı yoksa sadece sözel bir anlaşmazlıktan mı kaynaklandığını inceleyerek iki kuramın uyumlu olup olmadığını (...) görmek ve bu tartışmanın ışığında bilinçsizce bilinçli olmanın eğer mümkünse ne anlama geldiğinden bahsetmektir. (shrink)

This paper examines seasonal migrant farmworkers in Turkey, focusing on the intersection of relations of production and social reproduction under rapidly shifting land and labour regimes. The workers are predominantly Kurds and Arabs of Turkey and Syrian refugees, and experience the intersecting crises of neoliberalism, rural-urban migration and conflict/disaster displacement in amplified ways. With an interest in gendered and generational impacts on youth and women’s labour and bodies, we argue that an analysis of social reproduction should include both intra- and (...) inter-household relations as well as kinship/community and ritual-based dynamics such as marriage and childbearing. We show that the intersecting forces of marketisation, family, kinship and the authoritarian state sustain and reproduce seasonal migrant agricultural labour, capitalising on the exploitation of women and youth. (shrink)

We examined in two studies how analytic thinking and valuing epistemic rationality contribute to political belief bias – an inclination to judge politically congruent conclusions as valid (vs. invalid) or to judge politically incongruent conclusions as invalid (vs. valid), regardless of their actual validity. Study 1 established that people exhibit political belief bias, although unexpectedly it was only observed among liberals (vs. conservatives). As hypothesised, analytic thinking was associated with less political belief bias. In Study 2, we measured political belief (...) bias by assessing participants’ political beliefs about each conclusion directly, rather than relying on their general political orientation as a proxy. Analytic thinking as well as how much people value epistemic rationality predicted less political belief bias. These findings highlight the importance of analytic thinking as well as motivation to form beliefs based on logic and evidence in mitigating political belief bias. (shrink)

The use of super‐resolution imaging techniques in cell biology has yielded a wealth of information regarding cellular elements and processes that were invisible to conventional imaging. Focusing on images obtained by stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, we discuss how the new high‐resolution data influence the ways in which we use and interpret images in cell biology. Super‐resolution images have lent support to some of our current hypotheses. But, more significantly, they have revealed unexpectedly complex processes that cannot be accounted for (...) by the simpler models based on diffraction‐limited imaging. The super‐resolution imaging data challenge cell biologists to change their theoretical framework, by including, for instance, interpretations that describe multiple functions, functional errors or lack of function for cellular elements. In this context, we argue that descriptive research using super‐resolution microscopy is now as necessary as hypothesis‐driven research. (shrink)

The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in journalism has transformed news production, content distribution, and ethical responsibilities. This study offers a systematic bibliometric analysis to map the structure, trends, and thematic focus of scholarly output on AI ethics in journalism. Based on 71 publications indexed in SSCI, AHCI, and ESCI and selected through PRISMA-guided criteria from the Web of Science, the study reveals a significant rise in ethical debates over the past five years. Citation analyses highlight key themes (...) such as ethical norms, algorithmic journalism, and AI-assisted content creation, while emerging trends include transparency, accountability, and the role of social media. The findings indicate the formation of an interdisciplinary and evolving research field that addresses the ethical, professional, and societal implications of AI in journalism. As academic interest grows, the literature is expected to expand further, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of AI’s impact on journalistic practices. (shrink)

Background Dying with dignity in intensive care units (ICUs) presents ethical and practical challenges, particularly within high-tech environments that often prioritize life-saving interventions over holistic end-of-life care. Respecting patient dignity requires attention to physical, emotional, and spiritual needs, as well as to privacy and family involvement. Aim This study aimed to explore the experiences of intensive care nurses in providing a dignified death to their patients, with a focus on understanding the factors that influence this process, the challenges encountered, and (...) the care approaches employed. Research design A descriptive qualitative design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis framework. Participants and research context Twenty ICU nurses from eight different hospitals participated in the study. Participants were selected through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Ethical considerations Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review board. All participants gave informed consent, and the study followed COREQ guidelines. Findings Two main themes and eight sub-themes were identified. The first theme, Practices that support death with dignity, included peace of body, ensuring privacy, space for family farewells, fulfilling last wishes, and meeting spiritual needs. The second theme, Obstacles to death with dignity, included lack of staff, desensitization to death, and lack of knowledge. Conclusions ICU nurses play a vital role in promoting dignified death by addressing patients’ physical, emotional, and spiritual needs. However, systemic barriers such as limited staffing, emotional burnout, and insufficient training hinder the consistent delivery of such care. Institutional reforms focusing on workforce support, education, and culturally sensitive protocols are essential to improve the quality of end-of-life care in ICUs. (shrink)

Disgust is a basic emotion that promotes pathogen avoidance and can contaminate nearby neutral stimuli. This study investigates how neutral stimuli, which have acquired disgust value through classical conditioning, are processed in episodic memory. The Category Conditioning paradigm was utilised to assign emotional significance to neutral stimuli, followed by a recognition test conducted immediately or 24 h after conditioning (Experiment 1). The results revealed that neutral stimuli that acquired disgust value were recognised with greater accuracy and higher liberal bias compared (...) to other neutral stimuli in the recognition test conducted after 24 h, but not immediately. Present study also indicates that the memory enhancement observed with disgust did not manifest in the context of fear (Experiment 2). Additionally, the results varied when neutral stimuli associated with disgust were presented with disgusting stimuli in recognition test (Experiment 3). Thus, the present study demonstrates that the memory advantage of disgust extends to associated stimuli when they are presented in a list without disgusting stimuli. (shrink)

Türkiye’de 1980 yılında gerçekleşen darbenin ardından iş başına geçen yeni ülke yönetimi pek çok alanda yeniden yapılanmaya girişmiştir. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı (DİB) da anayasal bir kurum olarak yeniden tanımlanarak kurumsallaşmasında önemli adımlar atılmış, din eğitimi ve hizmetlerinin laiklik ilkesince gerçekleştirilmesi öngörülmüş, okullarda din ve ahlak öğretimi anayasayla zorunlu hale getirilmiş ve din eğitimi bir bilim alanı olarak modern üniversite sistemi içerisinde tanımlanmıştır. Tüm bu gelişmeler eğitim tarihi çalışmalarında bu döneme ayrıca önem atfedilmesine ve ilgili gelişmelerin arka planlarını anlama çabalarına neden (...) olmuştur. Bu çalışma, bir anlatı çalışması olarak dönemin yaygın din eğitimi ve hizmetleri gelişmelerinin odağında, karar verme ya da uygulayıcı konumunda bulunanların hatıratlarından yola çıkarak 1980 yılı ve hemen sonrası gelişmelerini anlamaya odaklanmıştır. Çalışmada, dönemin DİB yönetim kadrosunda bulunanların hatıratlarından darbenin kuruma ve kurumsal hizmetlere etkileri, kurumsallaşma süreci, din istismarı tartışmalarının eğitsel boyutları, din eğitimine ve hizmetlerine siyasi müdahale girişimleri, yaygın din eğitiminin yasal dayanak çalışmaları ve kurumsallaşmanın bilimsellikle desteklenmesi konularındaki tartışma ve gelişmelerin arka planları incelenmiştir. Kurumsallaşmanın sadece hukukî boyutta kalmaması için gösterilen çabalar ve faaliyetler (yurt dışı teşkilatlanması, bilimselleşme faaliyetleri gibi) de hatıratların dönemi aydınlatan diğer verileri olmuştur. Bulgulardan hareketle DİB’in kurumsallaşma sürecini siyasî müdahalelere rağmen bu dönemde tamamladığı ve kurumun ülkedeki din hizmetleri ve eğitimi uygulamalarının dönem koşullarınca profesyonel boyutta sürdürülebilir hale getirilmesinin arka planında söz sahibi olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. (shrink)

This article is a first step in a project to study the influence of the Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ in the Ottoman world. We argue that, at least from the end of the fourteenth century until well into the second half of the sixteenth, the knowledge presented in the encyclopedic Rasāʾil was a conspicuous scholarly source for the Ottoman cultural milieu, especially at the dynastic court, and played a significant role in forming their epistemological perspective. This argument is developed with reference (...) to three universal histories: (1) in Turkish, the İskendernāme (Book of Alexander) of Taceddin İbrahim İbn Hızır Ahmedi (d. 1413) written between the last quarter of the fourteenth century and the first quarter of the fifteenth; (2) in Arabic, the Naẓm al-sulūk fī musāmarat al-mulūk (The ordering of ways for the conversation of kings) by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Bisṭāmī (d. 1454), a prominent intellectual and expert in occult sciences, protégé of Sultan Murad II (r. 1421–44, 1446–51); (3) in Persian, the first volume of Shāhnāmā-yi Āl-i ʿUsmān (Book of kings of the house of ʿUsmān) by the Sufi intellectual and litterateur Fethullah Çelebi (d. 1561/62), better known by his pen-name ʿArif. The choice of these three histories enables us to mark the time period for the influence of the Rasāʾil, stretching it (in both directions) further than is accepted in present scholarship. These histories enable us also to draw attention to the proximity to the Ottoman dynasty of the cultural milieu attuned to the Rasāʾil, and highlight the relationship between history and knowledge that is central both for the texts under study here and the Rasāʾil. (shrink)

Shame and guilt are negative social emotions that are sensitive to culture, and findings from past research have suggested that shame impairs perspective-taking cognitive ability more than guilt does. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is a lack of research that has considered culture and experimentally tested the effect of shame and guilt on perspective-taking. Taking an experimental perspective, this study aimed to examine how shame and guilt states affect perspective-taking performance in two different cultures. Data from German (...) and Turkish female college students provided support for the effect of emotional state and culture on perspective-taking, but there was no interaction between them. We discussed the results and possible explanations for them in light of the literature. (shrink)

According to higher order theories of consciousness, a mental state is conscious when there is a HO state about it. However, some HO states do not seem to be about other existing mental states. It is possible to resolve this problem since targetless HO states resemble HO states that misrepresent but the assumption that HO states always target other existing mental states is at odds with the theory since HO states are not only necessary but also sufficient for phenomenal consciousness (...) according to the theory. Given the sufficiency of the HO states for consciousness, there is a need to understand the emergence of HO states as a non-random phenomenon to avoid the difficulties caused by targetless HO states. I suggest it is possible to develop such an understanding by thinking of HO states as predictive states in accordance with the predictive processing theory of the mind. (shrink)

İslam düşüncesinin dini bilginin imkânı, ortaya koyulması gibi konuları içeren epistemolojik arka planı üzerindeki tartışmalar İslam Felsefesi ve teolojisinin konuları olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu bilimsel tartışma ve öğretilerin ve hayata yansıyarak gelenek halini almış biçimlerinin Müslümanların günlük hayatlarındaki tezahürleri de izlenebilmektedir. Çağdaş İslam düşüncesinde Beyani, İrfani ve Burhani olarak nitelendirilebilecek İslam bilgi anlayışları ve bunlara dayalı yaşam biçimleri gözlenebilmektedir. Hatta bunlar arasında çekişme ve çatışmalar ve bunların dini, siyasi ve eğitsel hayatlara yansımaları olabilmektedir. İlahiyat fakülteleri İslam düşünce geleneğinin teorik ve (...) pratik olarak öğrenildiği, tartışıldığı ve yaşandığı eğitim ortamlarıdır. Bu nedenle ilahiyat eğitimi alan kişilerin bu tartışmalardan haberdar olması beklenmektedir. Ve bu alt yapı ile de dini bilgiye bakışları, dini bilginin imkânı ve ona ulaşma yollarına dair çıkarımlarının ne olduğu sorusu zihinleri meşgul eden bir sorudur. Bu çalışmada, İlahiyat fakültesi öğrencilerinin dini bilgiye bakış açıları nitel araştırma yönteminin odak grup görüşmesi yoluyla tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda elde edilen bulgulara göre günümüz ilahiyat fakültesi öğrencilerinin tarihsel süreçte ortaya çıkan İslam bilgi yaklaşım ve tartışmalarının farklı dönemlerini yansıtan nitelikte görüşler ortaya koydukları anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak bu görüşler ağırlıklı olarak çağdaş İslam düşüncesi birikiminde yoğunlaşmaktadır. (shrink)

Fake content can manifest in two ways: intentional and unintentional. Intentional fake content is created with the intention of deceiving readers, while unintentional disinformation arises from the careless selection and dissemination of content. In result, the process of identifying fake information is complicated and requires a combination of different approaches. Firstly, it is essential to gather significant amounts of data from various sources, including social media, news outlets, and other online platforms. This data needs be further processed and analyzed using (...) appropriate algorithms and tools to remove biases, noise, and invalid data samples. In this article, we present, first, a hybrid approach to feature extraction involving the use of DistilBERT and TF-IDF as an input vector for further analysis. Secondly, we developed a series of hybrid artificial intelligence models using a voting classifier to identify potentially fake news. An important advantage is the fact that in our approach we do not focus only on determining whether the message is true or false, but thanks to the developed dataset, we take into account many factors and determine the credibility of the content. (shrink)

When reusing existing ontologies for publishing a dataset in RDF (or developing a new ontology), preference may be given to those providing extensive subcategorization for important classes (denoted as focus classes). The subcategories may consist not only of named classes but also of compound class expressions. We define the notion of focused categorization power of a given ontology, with respect to a focus class and a concept expression language, as the (estimated) weighted count of the categories that can be built (...) from the ontology’s signature, conform to the language, and are subsumed by the focus class. For the sake of tractable initial experiments we then formulate a restricted concept expression language based on existential restrictions, and heuristically map it to syntactic patterns over ontology axioms (so-called FCE patterns). The characteristics of the chosen concept expression language and associated FCE patterns are investigated using three different empirical sources derived from ontology collections: first, the concept expression pattern frequency in class definitions; second, the occurrence of FCE patterns in the Tbox of ontologies; and last, for class expressions generated from the Tbox of ontologies (through the FCE patterns); their ‘meaningfulness’ was assessed by different groups of users, yielding a ‘quality ordering’ of the concept expression patterns. The complementary analyses are then compared and summarized. To allow for further experimentation, a web-based prototype was also implemented, which covers the whole process of ontology reuse from keyword-based ontology search through the FCP computation to the selection of ontologies and their enrichment with new concepts built from compound expressions. (shrink)

Preview: Shusterman, as a philosopher who draws from the work of John Dewey, has pragmatic expectations for art. For Dewey, communing with art was an intensification of experience, that is to say being in the world. For art is full of meaning, and it is in human nature to rush to search for meanings. Experience is only satisfactory if it enriches what is lived in it. Dewey’s message was one of the first voices to warn of the alienation of art. (...) According to it, its consumption should give people a chance for emotional and spiritual compassion. Richard Shusterman’s attitude toward art is similar: “As experience, art is obviously part of our lives, a particularly vivid form of our experienced reality, rather than a mere fictional imitation of it.” -/- Shusterman has developed his own concept of aesthetics, which he has called “somaesthetics” – the aesthetics of the soma. The Greek word soma here means a feeling, animated, purposeful body. Also, the term “aesthetics” is understood in a different way than its usual wider usage, according to which aesthetics is a theory of art and beauty. Shusterman refers to the old, original Greek word aisthetikos meaning sensory perception. The somaesthetic project’s goal is to combine theory with practice and consider the body in two ways: on the one hand, as a medium enabling cognition through perception, and on the other, as an external form of representation. That is why somaesthetics is interested in activities that expand and explore body awareness, such as meditation, yoga, and treatments that shape the appearance, including cosmetics and fashion. One of the main tasks of somaesthetics is to eliminate the dominant attitude toward the body in Western philosophy, which sees it as an obstacle to cognition. (shrink)

The perception of the presence of kitsch in art has been evaluated in extremely opposite ways, from complete negation to acceptance of kitsch as one of the possible forms of expression in a contemporary work of art. Such assessments were influenced not so much by the works of art themselves but by the changing conditions and contexts of perception, particularly by the redefinition of the very essence of art, its possible functions and boundaries. In our times, starting from modernism, this (...) tendency has even become stronger in postmodernism. We are faced with an open definition of art, in which the divisions between art and non-art have been blurred, and kitsch, previously rejected by scholars, has become an equal form of art in its own right. Contemporary artists use the visual language of kitsch to open up to communication with the viewer and comment on the most important social phenomena, recognising that the condition of art is influenced not only by purely artistic aspects but also by non-artistic reality. Contemporary art, in its structure that transcends the boundaries between art and reality, seeks closer ties with social life while simultaneously wishing to preserve individualism. It is involved in the structure of the work in an increasingly complicated, multifaceted process of reception, in which both the creator and the viewer take an active part. Kitsch, taken from life, thus becomes the key to decoding the hermetic individual language of the artist. Kitsch, deconstructed by an artist, becomes a common language of postmodern art and life. (shrink)

The reason for my disagreement with Tadeusz Skalski is my objection to his attempts at demonizing the problems connected with the functioning of mind as presented in his essay. In my opinion, the inclination of the author towards demonization stems from the fact that he accepts an extremely limited „natural picture of the world”, a picture which is both reductionistic and mechanistic. It is no wonder then that neither intentionality nor the usage of language fits into this picture and - (...) what amounts to the same thing - can be naturalized. Both seem to be magic phenomena. Moreover, the range of „purely natural” categories in this picture seems to be so limited that even the behaviour of a cat which comes to his master when he whistles for it - i.e. which knows what the whistling means - cannot be described. The behaviour of chimpanzees which have an inborn knowledge that snakes are dangerous and should be avoided cannot be described on this view either. Hence, it is no surprise that each theory of how mind is functioning which has been constructed by a natural philosopher has a status of a „magic theory”. (shrink)

It is obvious that changes in human culture affect changes in Nature in various ways. Changes in the domain of ecological consiousness (metanoia) can exert effective influence on Nature, if they take place on three levels: on the level of our knowledge, on the level of our convictions, and on the level of our activity. In fact, during last fifty years, real changes are carried into effect on all levels. This fact allows to nourish hope that harmonious cooperation between Human (...) Kind and Nature is still possible. (shrink)

The paper is a response to Tadeusz Skalski's paper „The and... a Platform to Human Speech”, published in Filozofia Nauki 1/2000. Despite Skalski's claim that the essence of our controversy lies in verbal misunderstandings, I will demonstrate that I disagree with him on three issues: (i) the question of both in the context of using ethnic languages and in the context of the origin of these languages; (ii) the concept of emergence; (iii) the evaluation of naturalisation a la Searle.

In the 1970s, the Polish sociologist Jan Lutyński created the concept of ‘apparent actions’, that is, activeness undertaken by public authorities at any level which, instead of achieving the set goals, only create a fiction of their achievement. The aim of the article is to answer the question about the impact of apparent actions on civic culture. In other words, it is a question of whether, and if so, to what extent, activeness bearing the features of apparent actions described by (...) Lutyński are implicated in the manifestations of civic culture. The hypothesis put forward assumes that apparent actions have a negative impact on civic culture, devastating its individual manifestations and reducing the level of civic activity. (shrink)

The basis for considering the problem of the ‘gender revolution’ is the historiosophical concept developed by Rolf Peter Sieferle, who assumes that for about 200 years, Europe has been evolving from agrarian civilisation towards a new type of energy based on fossil fuels. A characteristic feature of this transformation process is the belief that man is the ‘master of forms’ – all elements of the earlier order, which were perceived as natural for generations, have been questioned. The revolution overthrew the (...) existing hierarchical feudal order, created factories, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat in order to create a mass society, a welfare state and, finally, a progressive agenda. The revolutionary process also affected social roles, leading to women’s emancipation movements. At the current stage of the revolution, the natural division into two sexes has been questioned. The basic question is whether a person can really deny the idea of the natural order in such a fundamental way? The ecological crisis, caused by the first phase of the revolution, seems to confirm the doubts of those who believe that human beings are subject to external, natural limitations. (shrink)

Badania naukowe nie pozostawiają wątpliwości, że zbrodniczy narodowy socjalizm nie jest archetypem nacjonalizmu ani doktryną narodową. Powszechnie uważa się, że ideologia nacjonalistyczna narodziła się w rewolucyjnej Francji i Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki. Z powodów politycznych zaciera się prawda o diametralnie odmiennym charakterze zachodniego nacjonalizmu – przede wszystkim francuskiego i anglocentrycznego – z jednej strony, a niemieckiego z drugiej. W dobie rozprzestrzeniania się ideologii globalistycznego kosmopolityzmu idee narodowe traktowane są jako największe zagrożenie dla postępu ludzkości.